Developing Security Tools of WSN and WBAN Networks Applications by Mohsen A. M. El-Bendary

Author:Mohsen A. M. El-Bendary
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
Publisher: Springer Japan, Tokyo

902–928

BPSK

10

40

2,450

2,400–2,483.5

O-QPSK

16

250

Low power consumption in ZigBee networks can be achieved by allowing a device to sleep, which means waking into active mode for brief periods. Enabling such low duty cycle operation is at the heart of the ZigBee standard [13]. ZigBee is built on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It offers the additional functionality to implement mesh networking rather than point-to-point networking found in most Bluetooth and Wi-Fi applications. The ZigBee specification document is short, allowing a small and simple stack, in contrast to the other wireless standards such as Bluetooth [14].

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is intended to conform to established regulations in Europe, Japan, Canada, and the United States. It defines two physical (PHY) layers; the 2.4 GHz and 868/915 MHz band PHY layers. Although the PHY layer chosen depends on local regulations and user preference, only the higher data rate, worldwide, unlicensed 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency band is considered [15]. A total of 16 channels are available in the 2.4 GHz band, numbered from 11 to 26, each with a bandwidth of 2 MHz, and a channel separation of 5 MHz. The channel mapping frequencies are given in Table 5.1. The LR-WPAN output powers are around 0 dBm. This wireless network typically operates within a 50-m range. The transmit scheme used is the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) [16].

The ZigBee network involves little or no infrastructure. It also has a primitive error control mechanism, which is the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). As a result, this mechanism is unable to reduce the channel effects. So, there is a need for either a coding or interleaving mechanism to combat the bad channel effects [17]. The main advantages of the ZigBee technology are summarized as follows [7]:1.Low power consumption.

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